Perkembangan Otak dan Kognitif Anak: Peran Penting Sistem Imun pada Usia Dini

Ahmad Suryawan, Anang Endaryanto

Sari


Perkembangan kognitif anak merupakan cerminan dari kompleksitas kerja sirkuit otak yang terbentuk sejak usia dini dan harus melewati periode kriitis pada tahun-tahun pertama awal kehidupan anak. Semakin kompleks sirkuit otak yang terbentuk, maka semakin besar kapasitas anak untuk belajar mengembangkan kemampuan kognitif. Saat ini berbagai studi mengkaitkan antara perkembangan otak dengan perkembangan sistem imun anak pada usia dini. Sistem imun selama ini lebih dikenal peranannya dalam sistem pertahanan tubuh untuk melawan organisme patogen, ternyata terbukti juga mempunyai peran khusus dalam proses perkembangan otak, baik dalam kondisi yang normal atau sehat, maupun pada kondisi patologis. Proses perkembangan otak dan sistem imun melibatkan berbagai sel dan molekul-molekul mediator yang sama, seperti protein dan sitokin. Keterkaitan perkembangan otak dan sistem imun terjadi secara dua arah dengan konsep mekanisme yang terprogram sejak usia dini, dimana aktivasi di usia dini akan berdampak jangka panjang terhadap kedua sistem tersebut. Berbagai studi saat ini juga membuktikan bahwa mikrobiota saluran cerna juga berperan khusus dalam sistem imun dan perkembangan otak. Memahami aktivasi sistem imun selama periode kritis perkembangan otak anak merupakan langkah yang strategis untuk dapat mengungkap patogenesis berbagai gangguan perkembangan, perilaku, dan kognitif pada anak dan juga terhadap berbagai cara dan metode terapi di masa depan.

Kata Kunci


Perkembangan otak; anak; kognitif; sistem imun

Teks Lengkap:

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Referensi


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/sp23.4.2021.279-84

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