Imunodiagnosis Tuberkulosis dengan Interferon Gamma Release Assay dan Uji Tuberkulin pada Anak dengan Infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Latar belakang. Tuberkulosis (TB) dan Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) merupakan salah satu penyebab utama kematian pada anak. Diagnosis dini penting untuk menurunkan angka mortalitas TB pada infeksi HIV. Uji tuberkulin dan interferon gamma release assay [IGRA, QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT)] diharapkan dapat mendeteksi lebih dini adanya infeksi TB pada HIV. Laporan akurasi QFT-GIT dan uji tuberkulin pada anak dengan infeksi HIV bervariasi.
Tujuan. Mengetahui akurasi diagnostik dari QFT-GIT dan uji tuberkulin dalam mendiagnosis TB pada anak usia 1 bulan-15 tahun dengan infeksi HIV.
Metode. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan pada 48 pasien HIV tersangka TB usia 1 bulan-15 tahun. Pengambilan data dilakukan melalui anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis, foto toraks, uji tuberkulin, QFT-GIT, dan pemeriksaan bakteriologis (Xpert MTB/RIF dan biakan MGIT).
Hasil. Angka kejadian TB adalah 20,9% (confirmed TB 4,2% dan possible TB 18,7%). Gambaran klinis anak yang terdiagnosis TB adalah batuk lama (90%), penurunan BB (80%), penurunan aktivitas (80%), pembesaran KGB (60%), dan demam lama (50%). Sensitivitas QFT-GIT terhadap possible TB adalah 38% (IK 95%: 12-77%), spesifisitas 100% (IK 95%: 98-100), NDP 100% (IK 95%: 98-100), sedangkan NDN 88% (IK 95%: 76-94). Sensitivitas uji tuberkulin terhadap possible TB adalah 29% (IK 95%: 8-64%), spesifisitas 97% (IK 95%: 87-100), NDP 67% (IK 95%: 21-94), sedangkan NDN 88% (IK 95%: 76-95%). Sensitivitas QFT-GIT terhadap pemeriksaan bakteriologis 50% (IK 95%: 9-91%), spesifisitas 96% (IK 95%: 85-99%), NDP 33% (IK 95%: 6-79%), sedangkan NDN 98% (IK 95%: 88-100%). Hasil akurasi uji tuberkulin terhadap pemeriksaan bakteriologis tidak dapat dinilai.
Kesimpulan. Pemeriksaan dengan QFT-GIT untuk mendeteksi TB pada anak dengan infeksi HIV sedikit lebih unggul dibandingkan uji tuberkulin sehingga dalam pelayanan kedua pemeriksaan ini dapat menjadi pilihan sesuai ketersediaan dan kenyamanan pasien.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/sp22.5.2021.261-9
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